How to configure RIPv2

Cisco Packet Tracer - RIPv2

A video about RIPv2 configuration. Click here to watch the video ondemand_video

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a dynamic routing protocol and classified as a distance vector protocol. RIPv2, the version 2 of RIP, is used for IPv4 routing in small networks. It is a classless and defined in RFC 1723. As a classless routing protocol, RIPv2 does not include subnet masks in the routing updates. By default, RIPv2 automatically summarizes networks at major network boundaries. When automatic summarization has been disabled, RIPv2 no longer summarizes networks to their classful address at boundary routers.

Here is the content:

• General Information
• Timers
• Configuration

• General Info
• Timers
• Configuration

No.	Protocol	AD	Algorithm	Published Year	Reference
1	RIPv1	120	Bellman-Ford and Ford–Fulkerson	1988	RFC 1058
2	RIPv2	120	Bellman-Ford and Ford–Fulkerson	1994	RFC 1723

• RIPv2 sends routing update messages at regular intervals (every 30 seconds) and when the network topology changes.
• RIPv2 send messages to all adjacent routers at the multicast address 224.0.0.9.
When a device receives a RIP routing update that includes changes to an entry, the device updates its routing table to reflect the new route.
• RIPv2 uses the single metric, hop count, to determine the best paths. The best paths are the ones having the lowest number of hops.
• RIPv2 supports authentication, key management, route summarization, classless interdomain routing (CIDR), and variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs).
• RIPv2 has two modes of authentication on an interface including plain-text authentication and message digest algorithm 5 (MD5) authentication. Plain-text authentication is the default authentication.

• Update Timer: 30 seconds
• Invalid Timer: 180 seconds
• Flush Timer: 240 seconds
• Holddown Timer: 180 seconds

Download Lab1-RIPv2.pdf

Download RIPv2.pkt (Packet Tracer 7.3.1)

How to Download Packet Tracer

RIPv2 - Topology

Device	Interface	IP Address	Subnet Mask	Default Gateway
R1	G0/0	172.16.1.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/0 (DCE)	172.16.4.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/1	100.100.100.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
R2	G0/0	172.16.2.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/0	172.16.4.2	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/1 (DCE)	172.16.5.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
R3	G0/0	172.16.3.1	255.255.255.0	N/A
	S0/0/0	172.16.5.2	255.255.255.0	N/A
ISP S0/2/0	100.100.100.2	255.255.255.0	N/A
Switch1	N/A	VLAN 1	N/A	N/A
Switch2	N/A	VLAN 1	N/A	N/A
Switch3	N/A	VLAN 1	N/A	N/A
PC0	NIC	172.16.1.2	255.255.255.0	172.16.1.1
PC1	NIC	172.16.2.2	255.255.255.0	172.16.2.1
PC2	NIC	172.16.3.2	255.255.255.0	172.16.3.1

Router R1:

  enable
  configure terminal
  hostname R1

  interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown

  interface Serial0/0/0
  ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
  clock rate 128000
  no shutdown

  interface Serial0/0/1
  ip address 100.100.100.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown
  exit

  router rip
  version 2
  passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  network 172.16.0.0
  default-information originate
  no auto-summary
  exit

  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 100.100.100.2
  end
  copy running-config startup-config
      

Router R2:

  enable
  configure terminal
  hostname R2

  interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown

  interface Serial0/0/0
  ip address 172.16.4.2 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown

  interface Serial0/0/1
  ip address 172.16.5.1 255.255.255.0
  clock rate 128000
  no shutdown
  exit

  router rip
  version 2
  passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  network 172.16.0.0
  no auto-summary
  end
  copy running-config startup-config
      

Router R3:

  enable
  configure terminal
  hostname R3

  interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown

  interface Serial0/0/0
  ip address 172.16.5.2 255.255.255.0
  no shutdown
  exit

  router rip
  version 2
  passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
  network 172.16.0.0
  no auto-summary
  end
  copy running-config startup-config
      

Router ISP:

  enable
  configure terminal
  hostname ISP

  interface Serial0/2/0
  ip address 100.100.100.2 255.255.255.0
  clock rate 128000
  end
  copy running-config startup-config
      

Thank you for your reading!

Dynamic Routing Protocols

Routing Table

A video about dynamic routing protocols. Click here to watch the video ondemand_video

Dynamic routing protocols are used by layer-3 devices including routers and layer-3 switches to exchange their routing information. Each routing protocol has its rule to exchange the information in the form of messages and use an algorithm to determine the best paths that are put into the routing table.

Here is the main functions of dynamic routing protocols:

• Discovery of remote networks.
• Maintaining up-to-date routing information.
• Choosing the best path to destination networks.
• Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available.

Dynamic routing protocols have the primary components below:

• Data structures: organized in tables or databases which are kept in RAM.
• Routing protocol messages: protocol data unit to discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, learn and maintain accurate information about the network.
• Algorithm: a finite list of steps used to exchange routing information and determine the best paths to destinations.

Categorization:

	IGP				EGP
	Distance Vector		Link-State		Path Vector
IPv4	RIPv2	EIGRP	OSPFv2	IS-IS	BPG-4
IPv6	RIPng	EIGRP for IPv6	OSPFv3	IS-IS for IPv6	MP-BGP

Note: RIPv1 and IGRP which are not mentioned in the table above belong to the Distance Vector protocols. In IPv4, all protocols are also classified as classless protocols exept that RIPv1 and IGRP are classful protocols. Classless protocols include subnet masks in routing exchange, but classful do not.

• General Info
• Metrics
• Abbreviation

No.	Protocol	AD	Algorithm	Published Year	Reference
1	RIPv1	120	Bellman-Ford and Ford–Fulkerson	1988	RFC 1058
2	RIPv2	120	Bellman-Ford and Ford–Fulkerson	1994	RFC 1723
3	RIPng	120	Bellman-Ford and Ford–Fulkerson	1997	RFC 2080
4	IGRP	100	Bellman-Ford	1992	Cisco IGRP
5	EIGRP	- Summary: 5 - Internal: 90 - External: 170	DUAL	1993 2016	Cisco EIGRP RFC 7868
6	EIGRP for IPv6	- Summary: 5 - Internal: 90 - External: 170	DUAL	2016	RFC 7868
7	OSPFv2	110	Dijkstra	1991	RFC 1247
8	OSPFv3	110	Dijkstra	2008	RFC 5340
9	IS-IS	115	Dijkstra	1990	ISO 10589 RFC 1195
10	IS-IS for IPv6	115	Dijkstra	2008	RFC 5308 RFC 5120
11	BPG-4	- Internal: 200 - External: 20	Best Path	2006	RFC 4271
12	BPG-MP	- Internal: 200 - External: 20	Best Path	2007	RFC 4760

Metrics are quantitative values that routing protocols use determine the overall “cost” of a path from source to destination. If there are multiple paths to the same remote network, routing protocols determine the best path based on the route with the lowest cost. Different routing protocols use different metrics. The metrics used by one routing protocol are not comparable to the metrics used by another routing protocol. Two different routing protocols might choose different paths to the same destination.

The following table shows the metrics used by the dynamic routing protocols

No.	Protocol	Hop Count	Cost	Bandwidth	Delay	Load	Reliability	MTU	Expense	Error
1	RIPv1	check
2	RIPv2
3	RIPng
4	IGRP			check default	check default	check	check	check
5	EIGRP			check default	check default	check	check
6	EIGRP for IPv6
7	OSPFv2		check
8	OSPFv3
9	IS-IS		check default		check				check	check
10	IS-IS for IPv6
11	BPG-4	BGP does not determine the best paths based on metrics. Instead it uses a collection of path attributes.
12	BGP-MP

IGP: Interior Gateway Protocol
EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol
RIP: Routing Information Protocol
IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EIGRP: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
OSPF: Open Shortest Path
IS-IS: Intermediate System to Intermediate System
BGP: Border Gateway Protocol
MP-BGP: Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol
AD: Administrative Distance
DUAL: Diffusing Update Algorithm

Thank you for your reading!

How to download Cisco Packet Tracer

Cisco Packet Tracer User Interface

A video showing how to download the latest CPT. Click here to watch the video ondemand_video

Cisco Packet Tracer (CPT) is a cross-platform network simulation software created by Cisco. CPT allows users to create network topologies, imitate modern computer networks and simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. The tool makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices easily. This software aims to help Certified Cisco Network Associate Academy students to learn fundamental CCNA concepts. The Academy previously provides CPT only for students enrolled in a CCNA Academy program. And it is now free of charge for anyone.

Steps to download the latest verion of Cisco Packet Tracer:

• 1. Creating a free Cisco account
• 2. Enrolling in a free course from Netacad
• 3. Downloading and installing the latest CPT

If you have enrolled the "Intro to Packet Tracer" course from Netacad before, simply log in website https://www.netacad.com, Click here to access., and click here to move to the step 3.

1. Creating a free Cisco account:

If you already have a Cisco account, click here to move to the step 2.

• Open a browser (example: Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.) and access the Cisco website https://www.cisco.com Click here to access.
• Click the login icon and then on the Create account button in the pop-up menu (screenshot 1).

Screenshot 1

• Fill out the fields on the Create Account page. All the fields are required except that the Company field and the question below the confirm password field are optional (screenshot 2).
• Click the Register button.

Screenshot 2

2. Enrolling a free online course from Netacad:

• If you have enrolled the "Intro to Packet Tracer" course from Netacad before, simply log in website https://www.netacad.com (screenshot 3, arrow B), Click here to access., and click here to move to the step 3.
• Access the Cisco Network Academy website https://www.netacad.com, Click here to access.
• Select the Cisco Packet Tracer item from the Courses Menu (screenshot 3, arrow A, arrow B)
• Click the Learn More button (screenshot 3, arrow D or arrow E).

Screenshot 3

• Hove the mouse on the Signup today button (screenshot 4).
• Click on the English item.

Screenshot 4

• Fill out the form to register. All fields are required. (screenshot 5).
• Click on the Submit button.

Screenshot 5

• Fill out the form to activate the Netacad account. (screenshot 6).
• Click on the Create Account button.

Screenshot 6

3. Downloading and Installing the latest CPT:

• Select the Resources menu. (screenshot 7).
• Click on the the Download Packet Tracer menu item.

Screenshot 7

• Scroll down the screen to the download-links section. (screenshot 8).
• Click on the appropriate link to download the CPT. For example, if you use Windows 10 64-bit, click on the link 64 Bit Download under the "Windows Desktop Version 7.3.1 English".

Screenshot 8

• Open the file explorer (Windows 10). (screenshot 9).
• Select the Downloads item on the left panel of the window.
• Double click the installer file.
• Click the Next button on the Setup window.

Screenshot 9

• Click the Next button on the following windows. (screenshot 10).

Screenshot 10

• Click the Yes button if you want to run multi-user. Otherwise, click then No button (screenshot 11).

Screenshot 11

• If you want to enable some feature that has been blocked by the Firewall, click the Allow access button. Otherwise, click then Cancel button. (screenshot 12).
• Enter your email or username you have created in step 1.

Screenshot 12

• Enter your password you have created in step 1 (screenshot 13).

Screenshot 13

• Now you can see the user inface of CPT, and start creating your own networks. (screenshot 14).

Screenshot 14

Thank you for your reading!

OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model that defines standards of the communication between computing systems without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its major aim helps diverse communication systems to be able to connect and exchange data to each other with standard communication protocols. The model divides a communication system into 7 abstraction layers. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. The application layer is the one that does not have a layer above. Instead, it is an entry for application processes that gain access to network services.

No.	Layer Name	Protocol Data Unit	Group
7	Application	Data	Upper Layers
6	Presentation
5	Session
4	Transport	Segment	Lower Layers
3	Network	Packet
2	Data Link	Frame
1	Physical	Bit

• Layer 7
• Layer 6
• Layer 5
• Layer 4
• Layer 3
• Layer 2
• Layer 1

Application Layer

The application layer is the highest layer in the Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection. It provides a sole mean for the application processes to obtain access to the as well as access to open system interconnection environment. This layer also provides the processes access security checking and information validation.

The Application layer provides the following functions:

• File Transfer, Access and Management: provides handling services in the network. This includes the movement of files between different systems, reading, writing and deletion of remote files, and management of remote file storage.
• Virtual Terminal: provides services to access applications in different remote computer systems through stimulating a real terminal.
• Electronic Mail and Messaging Handling: provide an easy mean for the electronic exchange of documents.
• Directory Services: provides services with the ability to match names with addressing information.
• Common Management Information Protocol: provides services for network management.

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is the second highest layer next to the application layer. It is responsible for the format of the data that is transferred during network communications. This layer is also about the syntax and semantics of the information transmitted. It converts the outgoing messages into a generic format for the transmission. It converts the incoming messages from the generic form to a format that is understandable to the receiving application. Each computer system has a different code scheme for representing data. Furthermore, the presentation layer makes it possible for communication between computer systems with different representation. It provides common communication services such as encryption, text compression, and reformatting. In addition, it is also concerned with other aspects of information representation including data compression and cryptography. Data compression reduces the number of bits that have to be transmitted. Cryptography is required for information security.

Session Layer

The session layer is the layer 5 immediately below the presentaion layer. It allows two application processes to hold ongoing communications called a session across a network. The applications on either end of the session can exchange data to another for as long as the session lasts. The session layer establishes session, exchange data or message, and closes when the session is no longer needed or inactive. It also monitors session identification so that only process with valid session identification can participate in the communication and security services to control access to session information. In addition, a session can allow a user to log into a remote time-sharing system or transfer a file between two processes. The session layer has the option to provide one-or-two-way communication called dialogue control.

Transport Layer

Transport Layer is the layer 4. It provides means to transfer data sequences from a source to a destination host. It controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation, and error control. It can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail delivery. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. The transport layer creates segments out of the message received from the application layer. Segmentation is the process of dividing a long message into smaller messages.

Network Layer

The network layer is the layer 3. It controls traffices between LAN, VLANs, WLAN, and WAN, and provides routing, congestion control and accounting. Message delivery at this layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable. The layer may provide reliable message delivery, but it is not required to do so. The main protocols at this layer include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. Furthermore, the layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences called packets from one host to another in another network.

Data Link Layer

The data link is the layer 2. It takes a raw transmission and transforms it into a line transmission without errors in the network layer. It accomplishes this task by having the sender break the input data up into data frames, transmit the frames sequentially, and process the acknowledgment frames sent back by the receiver. The protocol packages the data into frames that contain source and destination physical addresses. Ethernet, Token Ring, and ARCnet are examples of LAN data link protocols, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) are examples of WAN data link. IEEE 802 separates the data link layer into two sublayers including Medium access control (MAC) layer and Logical link control (LLC). The MAC layer is responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data. The LLC layer is responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.

List of Active 802 Standards

No.	Standars	Description
1	802.1	Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group
2	802.3	Ethernet Working Group
3	802.11	Wireless LAN Working Group
4	802.15	Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group
5	802.18	Radio Regulatory TAG
6	802.19	Wireless Coexistence Working Group
7	802.24	Vertical Applications TAG

Physical Layer

The physical is the lowest at the bottom of the OSI model. It is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium. It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals depending on the medium type. It also specify characteristics for transmission such as voltage levels, the timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, modulation scheme, channel access method and physical connectors. In addition, it defines the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and frequency for wireless devices. The physical also controls bit rate control and may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex.

CCNA 200-301 Exam Topics

1. Explain the role and function of network components 7 Items

• Routers
• L2 and L3 switches
• Next-generation firewalls and IPS
• Access points
• Controllers (Cisco DNA Center and WLC)
• Endpoints
• Servers

2. Describe characteristics of network topology architectures 6 Items

• 2 tier
• 3 tier
• Spine-leaf
• WAN
• Small office/home office (SOHO)
• On-premises and cloud

3. Compare physical interface and cabling types 3 Items

• Single-mode fiber, multimode fiber, copper
• Connections (Ethernet shared media and point-to-point)
• Concepts of PoE

4. Identify interface and cable issues (collisions, errors, mismatch duplex, and/or speed) 0 Items

5. Compare TCP to UDP 0 Items

6. Configure and verify IPv4 addressing and subnetting 0 Items

7. Describe the need for private IPv4 addressing 0 Items

8. Configure and verify IPv6 addressing and prefix 0 Items

9. Compare IPv6 address types 6 Items

• Global unicast
• Unique local
• Link local
• Anycast
• Multicast
• Modified EUI 64

10. Verify IP parameters for Client OS (Windows, Mac OS, Linux) 0 Items

11. Describe wireless principles 4 Items

• Nonoverlapping Wi-Fi channels
• SSID
• RF
• Encryption

12. Explain virtualization fundamentals (virtual machines) 0 Items

13. Describe switching concepts 4 Items

• MAC learning and aging
• Frame switching
• Frame flooding
• MAC address table

1. Configure and verify VLANs (normal range) spanning multiple switches 3 Items

• Access ports (data and voice)
• Default VLAN
• Connectivity

2. Configure and verify interswitch connectivity 3 Items

• Trunk ports
• 802.1Q
• Native VLAN

3. Configure and verify Layer 2 discovery protocols (Cisco Discovery Protocol and LLDP) 0 Items

4. Configure and verify (Layer 2/Layer 3) EtherChannel (LACP) 0 Items

5. Describe the need for and basic operations of Rapid PVST+ Spanning Tree Protocol and identify basic operations 3 Items

• Root port, root bridge (primary/secondary), and other port names
• Port states (forwarding/blocking)
• PortFast benefits

6. Compare Cisco Wireless Architectures and AP modes 0 Items

7. Describe physical infrastructure connections of WLAN components (AP, WLC, access/trunk ports, and LAG) 0 Items

8. Describe AP and WLC management access connections (Telnet, SSH, HTTP, HTTPS, console, and TACACS+/RADIUS) 0 Items

9. Configure the components of a wireless LAN access for client connectivity using GUI only such as WLAN creation, security settings, QoS profiles, and advanced WLAN settings 0 Items

• Global unicast
• Unique local
• Link local
• Anycast
• Multicast
• Modified EUI 64

1. Interpret the components of routing table 6 Items

• Routing protocol code
• Prefix
• Network mask
• Next hop
• Administrative distance
• Metric
• Gateway of last resort

2. Determine how a router makes a forwarding decision by default 3 Items

• Longest match
• Administrative distance
• Routing protocol metric

3. Configure and verify IPv4 and IPv6 static routing 4 Items

• Default route
• Network route
• Host route
• Floating static

4. Configure and verify single area OSPFv2 4 Items

• Neighbor adjacencies
• Point-to-point
• Broadcast (DR/BDR selection)
• Router ID

5. Describe the purpose of first hop redundancy protocol 0 Items

• 1. Configure and verify inside source NAT using static and pools
• 2. Configure and verify NTP operating in a client and server mode
• 3. Explain the role of DHCP and DNS within the network
• 4. Explain the function of SNMP in network operations
• 5. Describe the use of syslog features including facilities and levels
• 6. Configure and verify DHCP client and relay
• 7. Explain the forwarding per-hop behavior (PHB) for QoS such as classification, marking, queuing, congestion, policing, shaping
• 8. Configure network devices for remote access using SSH
• 9. Describe the capabilities and function of TFTP/FTP in the network

• 1. Define key security concepts (threats, vulnerabilities, exploits, and mitigation techniques)
• 2. Describe security program elements (user awareness, training, and physical access control)
• 3. Configure device access control using local passwords
• 4. Describe security password policies elements, such as management, complexity, and password alternatives (multifactor authentication, certificates, and biometrics)
• 5. Describe remote access and site-to-site VPNs
• 6. Configure and verify access control lists
• 7. Configure Layer 2 security features (DHCP snooping, dynamic ARP inspection, and port security)
• 8. Differentiate authentication, authorization, and accounting concepts
• 9. Describe wireless security protocols (WPA, WPA2, and WPA3)
• 10. Configure WLAN using WPA2 PSK using the GUI

1. Explain how automation impacts network management 0 Items

2. Compare traditional networks with controller-based networking 0 Items

3. Describe controller-based and software defined architectures (overlay, underlay, and fabric) 2 Items

• Separation of control plane and data plane
• North-bound and south-bound APIs

4. Compare traditional campus device management with Cisco DNA Center enabled device management 0 Items

5. Describe characteristics of REST-based APIs (CRUD, HTTP verbs, and data encoding) 0 Items

6. Recognize the capabilities of configuration management mechanisms Puppet, Chef, and Ansible 0 Items

7. Interpret JSON encoded data 0 Items